Biochemical and Histopathological Study of the Toxic Effects of Electronic and Conventional Cigarette Smoke on the Liver of Rats
Keywords:
Biochemical effects, conventional smoking, electronic smoking, histological changes.Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the biochemical and histopathological changes in rats’ liver induced by the toxic effects of exposure to electronic vapour and conventional cigarette smoke. The experimental work was performed using 25 rats; 10 rats were exposed to electronic cigarette vapour (ECV), 10 rats were subjected to conventional cigarette smoke (CCS), and 5 rats were recruited as a control group with no treatment. One hour daily of exposure to the ECV and CCS was followed for 40 days. The ECV and CCS were delivered to the animals via the use of a smoke chamber and were locally modified for this study. When the endpoint of the experiment was reached, the blood and liver specimens were collected from all animals for examining biochemical and histological changes. The findings of the work highlighted that significant (p˂0.05) reductions occurred in the serum amounts of albumin and cholesterol of the ECV and CCS groups when both were compared separately to the data of the control group. Moreover, serum amounts of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were increased significantly (p˂0.05) in the ECV and CCS groups when both were compared separately to the control group. Furthermore, significant (p˂0.05) decreases were seen in the serum amounts of the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate transaminase (AST) of the CCS group with no significant (p˃0.05) alterations in the alanine aminotransferase (ALT). For the histological alterations, both ECV and CCS induced hepatic cell-related hydropic degeneration and intercellular sinusoidal dilation. In detail, the CCS caused some hepatic cell vacuoles, in which blood filled some of these vacuoles, however, no blood was observed in any of these vacuoles induced by the exposure to ECV. In addition, both ECV and CCS caused focalized infiltration of lymphocytes; though, CCS was identified with a less degree, especially in the portal vein and surrounding regions. Moreover, both ECV and CCS caused congestion in the portal vein region. The present findings highlight the dangerous effects of exposure to electronic and conventional cigarette smoke, affecting both biochemical and histological features in the studied rats.
References
Ussher M, Brown J, Rajamanoharan A, West R. How do prompts for attempts to quit smoking relate to method of quitting and quit success? Ann Behav Med [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2022 Aug 27];47(3):358–68. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24046150/
West R, McEwen A, Bolling K, Owen L. Smoking cessation and smoking patterns in the general population: a 1-year follow-up. Addiction [Internet]. 2001 Jun 1 [cited 2022 Aug 27];96(6):891–902. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.96689110.x
Gowing LR, Ali RL, Allsop S, Marsden J, Turf EE, West R, et al. Global statistics on addictive behaviours: 2014 status report. Addiction [Internet]. 2015 Jun 1 [cited 2022 Aug 27];110(6):904–19. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25963869/
West R. Tobacco smoking: Health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions. Psychol Health [Internet]. 2017 Aug 8 [cited 2022 Aug 27];32(8):1018–36. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC5490618/
Jha P, Peto R. Global effects of smoking, of quitting, and of taxing tobacco. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2014 Jan 2 [cited 2022 Aug 27];370(1):60–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24382066/
M. KA, O. DA, Ş. ŞS, P. M. DOUBLE THERAPY WITH PEGYLATED INTERFERON AND RIBAVIRIN FOR CHRONIC HEPATITIS C. A PHARMACOGENETIC GUIDE FOR PREDICTING ADVERSE EVENTS. Farmacia. 2017;65(6):1–8.
Docea A. O., Gofita E., Calina D. IZS. AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS DUE TO DOUBLE ANTIVIRAL THERAPY WITH PEGINTERFERON AND RIBAVIRIN IN PATIENTS WITH HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION ANCA OANA DOCEA 1# , ELIZA GOFITA 1# *, DANIELA CALINA 2# , ZAHARIE SORIN IOAN 3# , DANIEL IONICA VALCEA 4#. Farmacia. 2016;64:4.
Montanari C, Kelley LK, Kerr TM, Cole M, Gilpin NW. Nicotine e-cigarette vapor inhalation effects on nicotine & cotinine plasma levels and somatic withdrawal signs in adult male Wistar rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) [Internet]. 2020 Mar 1 [cited 2022 Aug 18];237(3):613–25. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC7039759/
Disbrey BD, Rack JH. Histological laboratory methods [Internet]. Livingstone; 1970 [cited 2022 Aug 17]. Available from: https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201300465541
Huang X-J, Choi Y-K, Im H-S, Yarimaga O, Yoon E, Kim H-S. Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST/GOT) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT/GPT) Detection Techniques. Sensors (Basel) [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2022 Aug 27];6(7):756–82. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC3894536/
Noël A, Verret CM, Hasan F, Lomnicki S, Morse J, Robichaud A, et al. Generation of Electronic Cigarette Aerosol by a Third-Generation Machine-Vaping Device: Application to Toxicological Studies. J Vis Exp [Internet]. 2018 Aug 25 [cited 2022 Aug 27];2018(138):58095. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC6231858/
Vansickel AR, Eissenberg T. Electronic cigarettes: effective nicotine delivery after acute administration. Nicotine Tob Res [Internet]. 2013 Jan [cited 2022 Aug 27];15(1):267–70. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22311962/
Dhouib El-Bini, Annabi A., Montassar M.L., Gharbi N. E-FS. Anti-inflammatory effects of N-acetylcysteine against carbosulfan-induced hepatic impairment in male rats. 2015;1:29–40. Recent Adv Biolo Med. 2015;1:29–40.
Celik I, Yilmaz Z, Turkoglu V. Hematotoxic and hepatotoxic effects of dichlorvos at sublethal dosages in rats. Environ Toxicol [Internet]. 2009 Apr [cited 2022 Aug 27];24(2):128–32. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18442070/
Karami-Mohajeri S, Abdollahi M. Mitochondrial dysfunction and organophosphorus compounds. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol [Internet]. 2013 Jul 1 [cited 2022 Aug 27];270(1):39–44. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23578477/
Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG. Cigarette smoking and serum liver enzymes: The role of alcohol and inflammation. Ann Clin Biochem [Internet]. 2010 Jul 28 [cited 2022 Aug 28];47(4):321–6. Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1258/acb.2010.009303?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed
Aljohani ZM, Alharbi AA, Alsaedi MF, Alahmadi AF, Alahmadi OA, Alharbi AA, et al. Evaluation of the Potential Beneficial Effects of Thymoquinone Against Nicotine Induced Toxicity. Int J Pharm Clin Res [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2022 Aug 28];7(6):395–8. Available from: www.ijpcr.com
Azzalini L, Ferrer E, Ramalho LN, Moreno M, Domínguez M, Colmenero J, et al. Cigarette smoking exacerbates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in obese rats. Hepatology [Internet]. 2010 May 1 [cited 2022 Aug 28];51(5):1567–76. Available from: https://europepmc.org/article/med/20432253
Ogenyi SI, Choji TPP, Chimezirim A, Onyemelukwe AO, Ngokere AA, Onwuasoanya UF, et al. Histological and Biochemical Effects of Cigarette Smoke on the Liver of Wistar Rats. Annu Res Rev Biol [Internet]. 2015 May 14 [cited 2022 Aug 28];7(2):119–25. Available from: https://journalarrb.com/index.php/ARRB/article/view/25830
Salahshoor M, Mohamadian S, Kakabaraei S, Roshankhah S, Jalili C. Curcumin improves liver damage in male mice exposed to nicotine. J Tradit Complement Med [Internet]. 2016 Apr 1 [cited 2022 Aug 28];6(2):176–83. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4833467/
Bandiera S, Pulcinelli RR, Huf F, Almeida FB, Halmenschlager G, Bitencourt PER, et al. Hepatic and renal damage by alcohol and cigarette smoking in rats. Toxicol Res [Internet]. 2021 Apr 1 [cited 2022 Aug 28];37(2):209–19. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC8007694/
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
