International Journal of Scientific Trends
International Journal of Scientific Trends- (IJST) is an open-access, peer-reviewed international journal. This scientific journal covers the multidisciplinary areas of study. The journal is published monthly (12 Issues per Year). The journal follows a double-blind peer review to ensure the quality of the published articles. The journal covers scientific trends and applied/ natural sciences studies. IJST is an interdisciplinary scientific journal. It aims to contribute to applied research and knowledge globally through published papers. The authors are requested to send original, high-quality research articles in following areas: Medicine Pharmaceutical Sciences Dentistry Physical Therapy Veterinary Medicine Basic and biological sciences include biology, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry, physics, biophysics, geology, astronomy, and environmental science. Mathematics, Engineering, and Computer Sciences Physical Education and Sports Science Agricultural Science The journal covers original research articles, reviews, mini-reviews, Case studies, reports, letters, and commentaries. It provides free open access to the published articles, permitting users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, and search the full text. The copyrights of the published work are given to the authors. Publication Frequency: Monthly (12 Issues per Year) Accepted Language: English ISSN (Online): 2980-4299 ISSN (Print): 2980-4329 SJIF : 6.531 ResearchBib: 8.65
Problem Loans of Commercial Banks and Methods for Their Resolution in Modern Conditions
The article provides a definition of problem loans, reveals their role in macroeconomic regulation and in the development of the economy as a whole; examines the regulatory mechanism and methods for their resolution in modern conditions.
Non- performing loan, loan repayment, loan portfolio, financial consulting, legal measures.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Occurrence of Surgical Diseases and Hoof Diseases in Horses in Bukhara City and Surrounding Districts
This article presents the results of a monitoring study on the prevalence of hoof and tendon system pathologies in horses in the Bukhara region (Bukhara, Romitan, and Kogon districts) during 2025–2026. The incidence rate was found to range between 14.95% and 26.08%. Structural analysis revealed that aseptic serous tendovaginitis (37.04%) and laminitis (29.62%) were the most prevalent conditions. Additionally, tendon injuries and closed mechanical traumas accounted for 22.22% of cases. The findings indicate that excessive mechanical load, improper management, and unbalanced nutrition play a significant role in the development of distal limb pathologies. The study substantiates the importance of early diagnosis and the improvement of preventive measures in veterinary practice.
Horses, distal limb pathologies, hoof diseases, tendon diseases, laminitis, tendinitis, tendovaginitis, aseptic inflammation, tendon injuries, veterinary surgery, orthopedic diseases, clinical diagnostics, horse health monitoring, equine locomotor system, sport horses, kupkari horses, preventive measures, veterinary orthopedics, musculoskeletal disorders, Bukhara region.
Legal Regulation and Enforcement of International Commercial Contracts in the Context of Digital Technologies
The article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of the legal regulation and enforcement of international commercial contracts in the context of the digitalization of the economy. It analyzes modern approaches to electronic and smart contracts, as well as issues related to their legal recognition, enforcement, and protection of the rights of the parties involved. Particular attention is paid to international standards and national legislation governing the use of digital technologies in commercial activities.
International commercial contracts, digital technologies, electronic commerce, smart contracts, blockchain, legal regulation, digital economy, enforcement of obligations.
Dynamics of Development of Cultural Processes
Cultural development is a dynamic and multifaceted process influenced by globalization, technological progress, social transformation, and intercultural interaction. In the contemporary world, cultural processes are evolving rapidly under the impact of digital communication, migration, economic integration, and the expansion of global media. This article examines the major contemporary trends in cultural development, including digitalization, globalization, cultural hybridization, preservation of national identity, and the growing role of cultural industries. The study highlights the relationship between culture and social progress while emphasizing the importance of balancing innovation with the preservation of traditional values. The article also discusses challenges related to cultural homogenization and the necessity of intercultural dialogue in modern society.
Culture, cultural development, globalization, digitalization, cultural identity, intercultural communication, cultural transformation.
Legal Mechanisms for the Application of Mediation in the Enforcement Stage of Judicial Acts in Foreign States: A Comparative Legal Analysis
This article is devoted to the comparative-legal analysis of the legal mechanisms for applying mediation in the enforcement stage of judicial acts in the legal systems of foreign states — the European Union, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, the United States, Singapore, and Japan — on the basis of comparative-legal methodology. The concept of 'post-judgment mediation', the institutions for reaching agreement in enforcement proceedings, and the empirical impact of mediation on enforcement effectiveness are studied in detail. The article concludes with a theoretical model summarising foreign experience and practical recommendations.
Post-judgment mediation, enforcement stage, legal mechanism, enforcement effectiveness, institutions for reaching agreement, comparative law, foreign experience.
Legal Regulation of E-Commerce and Consumer Protection: A Comparative Analysis of the UK, USA, China and Other Jurisdictions
This article examines legal mechanisms regulating e-commerce and consumer protection in the context of digital transformation. Particular attention is paid to UK distance selling legislation, including requirements for information disclosure, the right of withdrawal, and transparency of contractual terms. The study analyzes US legal approaches, focusing on jurisdictional issues, classification of websites, and the application of UETA and the E-SIGN Act. It also explores China’s mandatory registration system for e-commerce entities, along with regulatory practices in Germany, Kazakhstan, and Singapore. The paper concludes that diverse regulatory models are emerging, combining elements of state control and self-regulation.
E -commerce, consumer protection, distance selling, jurisdiction, electronic contract, offer and acceptance, personal data, comparative legal analysis, digital economy.
Islamic Microfinance Model: Civil Legal Features and Mechanisms
Islamic microfinance has expanded beyond a niche ethical alternative and is increasingly framed as a legally engineered instrument of financial inclusion. Yet the legal architecture that makes Islamic microfinance enforceable in secular jurisdictions – while remaining Shariah-compliant – remains conceptually under-theorised in comparative legal scholarship. This paper develops a legal typology of Islamic microfinance mechanisms and evaluates their institutional feasibility across regulatory regimes, with implications for emerging jurisdictions in Central Asia, including Uzbekistan. The study applies doctrinal legal analysis, comparative law across three jurisdictions (Malaysia, Indonesia, GCC – illustrated by UAE, Saudi Arabia practice), and institutional (regulatory) framework analysis. Elements of law & economics are used to assess transaction costs, incentive alignment, and enforcement risks. The paper offers a typology of Islamic microfinance contracts (murabaha, musharaka, mudaraba, ijara, salam, istisna, qard hasan, microtakaful) as legal forms of risk allocation; a governance-and-compliance matrix showing how Shariah governance (Shariah boards, audits, disclosure) functions as a hybrid of private ordering and public oversight; and a comparative table linking each mechanism to enforceability constraints, consumer protection tools, and regulatory arbitrage risks. Policy recommendations address licensing, disclosure of “price” (profit rate vs fees), responsible financing, Shariah governance accountability, AML (CFT), data protection, and dispute resolution design for scalable Islamic microfinance.
Islamic microfinance; Shariah governance; murabaha; mudaraba; musharaka; consumer protection; disclosure; regulation; dispute resolution.
The Impact of the Budget Deficit on the Effectiveness of Monetary Policy
The interaction between fiscal and monetary policy is a central issue in both macroeconomic theory and policy. A budget deficit, especially when persistent, can affect the effectiveness of central bank instruments through several channels: pressure on interest rates, debt “monetization,” and impacts on the availability of financial resources within the economy. This article aims to theoretically and empirically assess how and to what extent the budget deficit influences the effectiveness of monetary policy, to determine how these effects depend on institutional characteristics, and to provide practical recommendations for coordinating fiscal and monetary policies.
State budget, monetary policy, inflation, GDP, public debt.
Analysis of Institutional Frameworks and Mechanisms for Implementing Modern Social Approaches in Turkic States
This article examines the institutional frameworks and mechanisms for implementing modern social approaches in Turkic states within the context of globalization and socio-political transformation. The study analyzes the role of education systems, governance structures, and social institutions in shaping contemporary social policies. A comparative approach is applied to identify common patterns and national specificities in countries such as Uzbekistan, Türkiye, Kazakhstan, and Azerbaijan. The findings reveal that the integration of innovative technologies, competency-based education, and regional cooperation plays a crucial role in enhancing the effectiveness of social approaches.
Turkic states, social approaches, institutional frameworks, education systems, modernization, social policy, comparative analysis.
Human Interest and Moral Responsibility in The Application of Artificial Intelligence Technologies
This article analyzes issues of human interest and moral responsibility during the application of artificial intelligence technologies. It is highlighted that in modern society, artificial intelligence is being widely implemented in many fields such as medicine, education, economics, management, and information exchange, which, along with its positive potential, also raises complex ethical issues. The article interprets principles such as the priority of human interests, justice, transparency, accountability, privacy of personal data, digital equality, and security as the primary criteria for assessing artificial intelligence.
Artificial intelligence, human interest, ethical responsibility, digital ethics, justice, transparency, accountability, personal data, human rights, algorithmic bias, human-centered approach, digital equality.
Prospects for the Development of Social Innovations in The Context of The Country's Innovative Development
This article analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of social innovation development within the context of the country's innovative development. The role of social innovations in the well-being of society, human capital, education, healthcare, employment, and regional development is highlighted. It also reveals the importance of digital transformation, civil society, social entrepreneurship, and management efficiency in this process. The article outlines institutional mechanisms for supporting social innovations, sources of funding, and directions for future development. As a result, it is based on the fact that social innovations are an important factor ensuring the sustainable development and competitiveness of the country.
Social innovations, innovative development, human capital, digital transformation, social entrepreneurship, civil society, regional development, education system, healthcare, employment, management efficiency, sustainable development.
Scientific and Theoretical Content of The Principles of Legal Ensuring of Rational Use of Natural Resources
This article examines the scientific and theoretical foundations of the principles of legal ensuring of the rational use of natural resources. The study analyzes the essence, classification, and role of these principles within environmental law, emphasizing their importance in achieving sustainable development and ecological balance. Special attention is given to the interaction between legal norms and ecological requirements in regulating natural resource use.
Natural resources, rational use, environmental law, legal principles, sustainability, ecological balance.
The Socio-Psychological Significance of Play Activity in Developing Interpersonal Communication Among Preschool Children
The formation of interpersonal relationships in preschool children is a crucial aspect of early childhood development, significantly influencing their social competence, emotional stability, and future adaptation in society. This article examines the socio-psychological role of educators and parents in fostering interpersonal relationships among children aged 3–6 years. The study explores how family environment, educational settings, and adult-child interactions contribute to the development of communication skills, empathy, cooperation, and prosocial behavior. Using qualitative and observational research methods, the study identifies key factors influencing children’s interpersonal development, including parenting styles, teacher guidance, emotional support, and social modeling. The findings reveal that both educators and parents play a complementary role in shaping children's social interactions, with coordinated efforts leading to more effective outcomes. The article concludes by emphasizing the need for collaborative strategies between families and educational institutions to support holistic child development.
Preschool children, interpersonal relationships, parents, educators, socio-psychological development, communication.
Civil Liability for Infringement of Industrial Property Rights: Legal Nature and Modern Challenges
This article examines the legal nature of civil liability for infringement of industrial property rights, including patents, trademarks, and industrial designs. The study analyzes traditional civil law approaches to liability and evaluates their adequacy in addressing modern challenges arising from digitalization and globalization. Particular attention is given to damages and compensation as primary remedies, as well as the role of intermediaries and technological developments in shaping liability frameworks. The article concludes with proposals for improving national legal systems through the adoption of flexible and adaptive mechanisms.
Industrial property, civil liability, infringement, patents, trademarks, damages, compensation, digital environment, enforcement.
The Impact of Social Isolation on Mental Health
Human beings are inherently social creatures, and social connection is a fundamental requirement for psychological well-being. This article examines the critical distinction between social isolation—defined as an objective lack of social contact—and loneliness, a subjective emotional experience arising from unmet social needs. The study analyzes various factors contributing to social disconnection, including family problems, physical disabilities, socioeconomic disadvantages, unemployment, and societal stigma. Research indicates that prolonged social isolation poses significant risks to mental health, increasing the likelihood of depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, stress-related disorders, and cognitive decline. Particular attention is given to high-risk populations, such as older adults, adolescents, immigrants, and individuals affected by internalized or public stigma. Gender-based differences are also explored, suggesting that while males may experience higher measurable levels of social isolation, females in certain age groups report higher levels of loneliness. To mitigate these negative outcomes, the report proposes practical interventions, including the use of modern technology—such as social media and digital communication platforms—to maintain social ties and foster community engagement, as well as animal companionship, which can provide emotional support, enhance resilience, and reduce feelings of loneliness. Although eliminating social isolation entirely may be difficult, the implementation of evidence-based strategies and proactive social policies can significantly reduce its adverse impact on mental health and global public health outcomes.
Social isolation, loneliness, mental health, social media, stigma, pet ownership, emotional resilience.
Information Security and Culture in a Digital Society
This article analyzes the issues of information security and culture in a digital society. The positive and negative aspects arising in human life as a result of the rapid development of modern information technologies are considered. It also covers issues such as the protection of personal data, their methods and ways, the culture of communication in the digital space, and Internet ethics. At the end of the article, suggestions and recommendations are given on ensuring information security and developing digital culture as a result of the research.
Information, culture, information security, digital society, digital culture, cybersecurity, personal data, Internet ethics, cyberbullying, information protection, digital literacy.
The Role of Social Networks in The Origin of Public Protests
This article describes the importance and role of social networks in the origin of public protest, its management and wide coverage, and the cases that took place in this direction in the countries of the world.
Public, crisis, uprising, protest, crowd, internet, social network, public sentiment, political-social situation, politics.
Procedural Forms of Collecting Digital Evidence: Inspection, Copying and Sampling for Expert Examination
This article examines the core procedural forms of collecting digital (electronic) evidence in criminal proceedings: inspection of devices and electronic data, creation of a forensic bit‑by‑bit image-расм, and sampling/collection of parameters for expert examination (control samples, metadata and hash values). In Uzbekistan, the adoption of Law No. ЎРҚ‑1003 and the Plenum of the Supreme Court Resolution of 23 June 2025 No. 14 have strengthened admissibility requirements for electronic data, including the need to document inspection, to issue a procedural decision on joining electronic materials to the case, and—where necessary—to appoint expert examination. The paper clarifies the meaning of integrity, authentication and chain of custody and shows how these criteria are operationalized through protocols, decisions and expert procedures. A comparative perspective draws on U.S. case law (Riley, Carpenter, Vayner, Griffin) and widely used digital‑forensics models. Using examples from Supreme Court of Uzbekistan practice reviews, the article demonstrates that procedural defects in documenting and verifying evidence may lead to annulment of judicial decisions. The conclusion proposes de lege ferenda measures: investigator checklists, standardized chain‑of‑custody logs, and stronger participation of digital‑forensics specialists.
Digital evidence, electronic data, inspection, forensic copy, hash value, authentication, forensic examination.
Methods for Increasing the Communicative Activity of Future Teachers in An Online Educational Environment
This article examines the theoretical foundations, methodological approaches, and practical methods for increasing the communicative activity of future teachers in an online educational environment. The expansion of digital education requires the educator not only to convey the content of the subject but also to manage communication in a virtual environment, engage students in collaboration, harmonize written and oral speech, and develop reflexive thinking.
Online education, future teacher, communicative activity, communicative competence, digital pedagogy, forum, video conference, interactive method, reflection.
Criminal Law Measures Against Concealed Illicit Financial Interests in the Context of Cryptocurrency Transactions
This article examines the criminal law aspects of combating concealed illicit financial interests in the context of cryptocurrency transactions. The study analyzes the legal nature of cryptocurrencies, their role in facilitating hidden financial crimes, and the challenges faced by law enforcement agencies in detecting such activities. Particular attention is given to gaps in international and national legal frameworks, as well as mechanisms for preventing money laundering and illegal asset transfers through blockchain-based systems. The paper proposes recommendations aimed at strengthening legal regulation and improving international cooperation in combating financial crimes involving cryptocurrencies.
Cryptocurrency, illicit financial interests, criminal law, money laundering, blockchain, financial crime, legal regulation, virtual assets, international cooperation.
The Role of Cartoons in The Socialization and Personal Development of Preschool Children
This article analyzes the positive and negative pedagogical effects of cartoons on the socialization and personal development of preschool children. The article reveals the pedagogical and psychological significance of cartoons based on the theories of famous pedagogical researchers - Poonam Malik, Muhammad Ahmad Sheikh, Mavluda Kubayeva, Albert Bandura and Dimitri A. Christakis. The article also presents the study of the problem, the positive and negative effects of cartoons, as well as solutions and recommendations.
Cartoons, preschool age, socialization, personal development, pedagogical impact, moral values, empathy, cognitive development.
Democratic Governance and the Philosophical Foundations of the Principles of Social Justice
This article analyzes the philosophical foundations of democratic governance and the principles of social justice. It examines the theoretical basis of the rule of law, civil equality, and the concept of social justice in a democratic society, revealing their significance in modern governance systems. The study is based on a philosophical and methodological approach, analyzing the interrelationship between social justice and democratic governance.
Democratic governance, social justice, rule of law, philosophical foundations, civil society.
Regulatory Impact Assessment as A Means of Combating Corruption in The Preparation of Regulatory Legal Acts
This article examines the assessment of regulatory impact as a tool for preventing corruption in the preparation of regulatory legal acts in the Republic of Uzbekistan. It is substantiated that corruption is caused not only by the illegal behavior of officials, but also by defects in regulatory regulation, including the uncertainty of legal formulations, excessive discretionary powers and non-transparency of administrative procedures. based on the concept of assessing the corruption impact of regulation, and the importance of the participation of civil society institutions in this process is emphasized. It is concluded that it is necessary to include mechanisms for preventing corruption risks in the RIA procedures.
Regulatory impact assessment (RIA), corruption, anti-corruption expertise, regulatory legal acts, rule-making, corruption-causing factors, quality of regulation.
Admissibility of Anonymous Witness Testimony in Evidence: Foreign Experience
This article examines the admissibility of anonymous witness testimony in criminal proceedings on the basis of foreign legal experience and international judicial practice. It explores the reasons for introducing the institution of anonymous witnesses, its role in ensuring witness security, and its impact on the accused’s right to defence and the principle of a fair trial. Drawing on the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, international criminal tribunals, and the laws of selected foreign jurisdictions, the study comparatively analyses the criteria for admitting anonymous witness testimony, the limits of its evidentiary value, and the procedural safeguards that must accompany its use. The article argues that it is inappropriate both to categorically prohibit anonymous witness testimony and to normalize it as an ordinary form of evidence. The findings demonstrate that such testimony may be considered admissible only in exceptional circumstances, where a real threat exists, where the requirements of necessity and proportionality are satisfied, and where adequate procedural mechanisms compensate for the limitations imposed on the defence.
Anonymous witness, witness testimony, admissibility of evidence, criminal proceedings, fair trial, defence rights, witness protection, comparative legal analysis, foreign experience, procedural safeguards.
Numerical Analysis of Heat Transfer and Flow Characteristics in A Semi Cylindrical Solar Air Heater
In this article, a numerical investigation will be conducted on the properties of heat transfer and flow in a semi-cylindrical solar air heater through COMSOL Multiphysics. A three-dimensional model was created to investigate the relationship between heat performance, air flow and solar energy absorption. The convective heat transfer coefficient, useful energy gain, and air temperature were some of the key performance parameters that were developed and executed using user-defined variables in COMSOL. In order to simulate realistic operating conditions, the simulation was performed at the inlet velocity of 0.01 m/s, with the variation of solar radiation within the time periods of 08:00 to 17:00. It was also in the model that the natural convection heat loss on the outer surface of the collector was taken into account. The findings indicate that the semi-cylindrical design is more effective in heat transfer and increase in air temperature hence, increased energy usage efficiency than the conventional design. The established model is an effective computational aid in making predictions on performance and the design optimization of solar air heaters.
Semi-cylindrical solar air heater, Heat transfer characteristics, Fluid flow analysis, Convective heat transfer coefficient, Thermal efficiency optimization, Numerical modelling of solar collectors, Useful heat gain, Renewable energy applications.
Youth in the Digital Environment: Threats of Delinquency and Their Prevention
This article examines the work in the field of crime prevention among the youth of Uzbekistan. Analyzing the legislation and studying statistical data on the growth of crime in the youth environment, the author formulates recommendations and proposals for the prevention of antisocial behavior among young people. The rapid development of digital technologies has significantly transformed the lives of young people. Social media platforms, online gaming, instant messaging, and digital communities have become central to communication, education, and entertainment. While the digital space offers enormous opportunities for learning and self-expression, it also presents serious risks, including various forms of delinquency and cybercrime. Understanding these threats and developing effective prevention strategies is essential for protecting youth in the modern digital environment. In Uzbekistan, society is at a modern stage of development, and a person, his dignity, rights and freedoms are recognized as the highest values. The priority of human rights necessitates the establishment of benevolent relations between citizens while observing the rules of life in society, caring behavior in the upbringing of the younger generation, and the creation of conditions ensuring public health. This, in turn, requires citizens to comply with the rules of conduct and safety in society and with rules aimed at protecting public health.
Cybercrime, prevention, minors, social networks, human rights, education.
Fighting Corruption – The Foundation of Societal Development
This article scientifically examines the causes of corruption in the Republic of Uzbekistan, its socio-economic consequences, and effective mechanisms for combating it. Using comparative legal analysis, statistical data, reports from international organizations (Transparency International, UN, OECD), and Uzbekistan’s national legislation, conclusions are drawn. The anti-corruption experiences of Singapore, Hong Kong, and Denmark are analyzed in the context of Uzbekistan. The study demonstrates that digitalization of public services, strengthening civil society, and ensuring independent oversight bodies are key factors in reducing corruption.
Corruption, bribery, public administration, digitalization, civil society, international experience, legal reform, transparency.
Hermeneutical Approach to The Promotion of Spiritual and Educational Work
This article analyzes the application of the theory of philosophical interpretation in processes in the spiritual and educational sphere and its important directions. The topic is relevant because it focuses on measures for the effectiveness of educational propaganda. As a result, the role of hermeneutic philosophy in spiritual and educational processes is assessed.
Spiritual heritage, enlightenment, hermeneutics, society, cultural assimilation, globalization, integration, ideology.
Modeling The Energy Yield of Bifacial Photovoltaic Systems Considering Ground Albedo
The article aims to present an analysis of the influence that geometric and optical parameters exert on the energy efficiency of bifacial PV modules. The installation height, tilt angle, and surface albedo have been studied with experimental data and with a proposed mathematical model. The results confirm that increasing the installation height to a range between 0.7 m and 1.0 m and choosing an optimal tilt angle between 30° and 35° reduces power losses due to uneven illumination by over 25% and improves energy production. The spectral characteristics of the surface albedo have a profound effect on the value of the bifacial enhancement. The satisfied results of the calculated and experimental tests (R²>0.9) confirm the applicability and viability of the proposed model.
Bifacial solar panels; surface albedo; installation height; tilt angle; mismatch losses; energy generation modeling; spectral reflectance.
Methodological Foundations of The Field of Islamic Philosophy
The article examines the study of works created by thinkers of the Islamic world by Eastern and Western scholars. Muslim philosophy is multifaceted, and the approaches of Western and Eastern researchers are also different. It is no secret that the rational view is studied more by Western scholars, and in general, philosophical analysis is characteristic of the West. In the Muslim world, there are also many researchers who conduct research based on Western methodology, which indicates the existence of a somewhat one-sided approach. One of the complex issues here is the rational analysis of theological views. In this regard, the phenomena of Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, Ibn Rushd, and Imam Ghazali are unparalleled. The main issues in Muslim philosophy are reflected in the works of these scholars. Although Western research on Muslim philosophy has been significant to date, the work of Iranian, Turkish, Egyptian, and Indian scholars is also commendable. New approaches to the study of Eastern Muslim philosophy will make a worthy contribution to the improvement of the disciplines of religious studies, Islamic studies, and philosophy of religion in our homeland.