International Journal of Scientific Trends
International Journal of Scientific Trends- (IJST) is an open-access, peer-reviewed international journal. This scientific journal covers the multidisciplinary areas of study. The journal is published monthly (12 Issues per Year). The journal follows a double-blind peer review to ensure the quality of the published articles. The journal covers scientific trends and applied/ natural sciences studies. IJST is an interdisciplinary scientific journal. It aims to contribute to applied research and knowledge globally through published papers. The authors are requested to send original, high-quality research articles in following areas: Medicine Pharmaceutical Sciences Dentistry Physical Therapy Veterinary Medicine Basic and biological sciences include biology, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry, physics, biophysics, geology, astronomy, and environmental science. Mathematics, Engineering, and Computer Sciences Physical Education and Sports Science Agricultural Science The journal covers original research articles, reviews, mini-reviews, Case studies, reports, letters, and commentaries. It provides free open access to the published articles, permitting users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, and search the full text. The copyrights of the published work are given to the authors. Publication Frequency: Monthly (12 Issues per Year) Accepted Language: English ISSN (Online): 2980-4299 ISSN (Print): 2980-4329 SJIF : 6.531 ResearchBib: 8.65
The Content of the Process of Developing Primary School Pupils’ Communicative Competence in English Language Education
This article examines the theoretical, psychological, and pedagogical foundations of developing communicative competence in primary school pupils within English language education. Particular attention is paid to the role of the reflexive approach as a pedagogical mechanism that enables learners to plan, analyze, evaluate, and improve their own speech activity. The study analyzes the scientific views of leading psychologists and educators concerning speech activity, communication, motivation, and cognitive development. It identifies the main pedagogical conditions necessary for communicative competence development, including learner-centered instruction, authentic communicative situations, reflective activities, supportive communicative environments, and the consideration of age-related characteristics of young learners.
Communicative competence, reflexive approach, primary school pupils, English language education, speech activity, reflective learning, communicative environment, learner autonomy, communicative skills, foreign language teaching.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gamification and Student Motivation in Freshman English Speaking Classes
This study investigates the effects of gamification on the speaking motivation of freshman EFL students at Tashkent International University of Finance and Technology (TIFT), Uzbekistan. Employing a mixed-methods design that combined Likert-scale questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and classroom observations, the research examined students' responses to four gamification tools and activities: Kahoot!, Quizlet, Quizizz, and structured debates. Findings indicate that digital gamification platforms, particularly Quizlet and Quizizz, significantly enhanced students' motivation and engagement, while debate activities produced more varied responses. Students expressed a strong desire for continued gamification integration while simultaneously recognising its limitations as a substitute for authentic communicative practice. These results suggest that gamification is most effective when deployed strategically as a motivational scaffold within a broader communicative language teaching framework.
Gamification, EFL, speaking motivation, freshman students, Kahoot!, Quizlet, Uzbekistan.
Decoding Color Symbolism Within Mystical Discourse: Perspectives from Western Literature
Color symbolism serves as a foundational semiotic framework within Western mystical literature, transcending mere aesthetic ornamentation to function as a direct vehicle for metaphysical expression. This study decodes the semantic structures of primary colors—specifically red, white, and black—within mystical discourses spanning medieval hermeticism to late modern esoteric texts. Employing a qualitative hermeneutic approach integrated with structural semiotics, this paper analyzes how spiritual authors utilized color to articulate ineffable transcendent experiences and structural cosmological hierarchies. The text provides a rigorous text-based evaluation of primary materials, analyzing the structural transitions between theological states. The findings demonstrate that colors in mystical discourse operate as dualistic signifiers, bridging the finite human intellect with absolute transcendent realities through a systematic linguistic progression. Ultimately, this research provides an expanded, systematized framework for decoding the visual rhetoric and linguistic parameters of Western esoteric traditions.
Color Symbolism, Mystical Discourse, Western Esotericism, Semiotics, Hermeneutics, Metaphysical Language, Textual Semantics.
Causes and Grounds of The Distortion of Perceptions About Islam in Modern Media
This article examines the historical, ideological, and socio-political factors that have contributed to the distortion of perceptions about Islam in modern media. The study investigates the roots of Islamophobic narratives and stereotypical representations of Islam that have developed over centuries and continue to influence contemporary public discourse. Particular attention is paid to the role of medieval Christian polemics, Orientalist scholarship, missionary literature, Soviet atheistic propaganda, and modern mass communication technologies in shaping negative images of Islam and Muslims. The research employs a historical-analytical methodology to explore how political conflicts, civilizational rivalries, and ideological agendas have affected the portrayal of Islam in Europe, Russia, and the post-Soviet space. The article analyzes the intellectual foundations of Orientalism and its influence on the production of knowledge about Islam, highlighting how Eurocentric perspectives often generated biased interpretations that became deeply embedded in academic and public consciousness. Furthermore, the study examines the impact of Soviet anti-religious campaigns, which systematically promoted negative attitudes toward religion in general and Islam in particular, leaving a lasting legacy in public perceptions.Special consideration is given to the contemporary media environment, including social networks, citizen journalism, and digital communication platforms. While these technologies have expanded access to information and facilitated intercultural dialogue, they have also accelerated the spread of misinformation, disinformation, and unverified religious content. The article argues that sensationalized media coverage, the misuse of concepts such as “radical Islam,” and the activities of extremist groups have contributed to the persistence of negative stereotypes that associate Islam with violence, intolerance, and opposition to modernity. Such representations hinder constructive dialogue between different religious and cultural communities and reinforce social prejudices. The findings demonstrate that distorted perceptions of Islam are not solely the result of contemporary media practices but are deeply rooted in historical narratives, political interests, and ideological conflicts. The study concludes that overcoming these misconceptions requires the active participation of Muslim scholars, the publication of academically grounded research, constructive cooperation with media institutions, the development of responsible digital communication, and the dissemination of reliable information based on authentic Islamic sources. These measures can contribute to a more balanced and objective understanding of Islam in the modern information age.
Islamophobia, Media Representation, Orientalism, Religious Stereotypes, Digital Communication, Islamic Studies.
The Importance of Financial Support Mechanisms in the Development of Small Business and Private Entrepreneurship
This article analyzes the importance of financial support mechanisms in the development of small business and private entrepreneurship. Small enterprises are considered as an important source of employment, local production, innovation, competition and household income growth. However, limited access to finance remains one of the main barriers to their stable development. The article examines bank loans, microfinance, credit guarantees, leasing, subsidies, venture financing, business grants and financial literacy programs as instruments that help entrepreneurs overcome capital shortages and expand economic activity. It is argued that financial support becomes effective only when it is combined with transparent selection criteria, business training, risk assessment, institutional trust and post-financing monitoring.
Small business, private entrepreneurship, financial support, access to finance, microfinance, credit guarantee.
Professional Footballers' Image Rights and Civil-Law Instruments in Their Commercialization
T This thesis analyzes the civil-law nature of professional footballers' image rights, the mechanisms of their commercialization, and international practices. Through this comprehensive review, scientifically grounded proposals and conclusions are formulated to improve the legal regulation of this domain within the Republic of Uzbekistan. The paper provides a comparative analysis of the primary regulatory models governing players' image rights across Western nations, specifically England, Spain, and Germany. Furthermore, it explores contemporary commercialization tools based on licensing agreements, spin-off companies, franchising, and Non-Fungible Token (NFT) technologies. In light of the legal reforms implemented in Uzbekistan between 2020 and 2026, de lege ferenda proposals aimed at establishing an institutional framework for image rights are put forward.
Image rights, personal rights of a footballer, commercial license, intellectual property, spin-off company, NFT, Uzbek sports law, foreign experience, civil-law instruments, de lege ferenda.
The Role of the Russian Language in the Formation of Interethnic Communication in the Turkestan Region in the Late 19th - Early 20th Centuries
This article examines the role of the Russian language in the formation and development of interethnic communication in the Turkestan region during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The study analyzes the historical, political, social, and cultural factors that contributed to the spread of the Russian language among the diverse ethnic groups of Turkestan under the administration of the Russian Empire. Particular attention is paid to the educational reforms, the emergence of Russian-native schools, administrative institutions, military structures, trade relations, and the activities of the Jadid movement. The article argues that the Russian language gradually became a significant means of communication among representatives of different nationalities, facilitating intercultural interaction and access to modern knowledge while simultaneously influencing local linguistic and cultural processes. The research employs historical-comparative and socio-linguistic methods to evaluate the impact of Russian-language policies on the multilingual environment of Turkestan. The findings demonstrate that the Russian language served not only as an instrument of colonial administration but also as a bridge for interethnic communication, contributing to the formation of new social identities and intellectual networks in the region.
Russian language, Turkestan, interethnic communication, multilingualism, Russian Empire, Jadidism, education, colonial policy, language contact, Central Asia.
Social Factors Affecting Family Relations: Conflict Situations and Some Considerations on Their Elimination (In The Case of Uzbek Families)
Uzbek families are changing from a traditional family that has been living with their children for many years to an increase in the number of small nuclear families. In the process, we can see the struggle between traditionalism and modernity in families. The article examines the existence of the family as a social institution and analyzes the reasons for the separation of the family through sociological studies. Family divorces have recently become global and are the focus of lawyers, demographers, economists, sociologists, psychologists, and representatives from all lifestyles. To eliminate it, many social, economic and political measures are being implemented. However, statistics show that the number of family disputes is increasing. The social consequences of divorce are not only harm to the husband and wife, but also the negative aspects of children growing up without a mother or father, including the fact that children grow up with a restless heart, a broken heart, depressed spirit, suffering from life, and prone to crime. Contradictory factors in Uzbek families are shown and their genesis is studied. Diagnosis of the causes of family conflicts is carried out and the author's relationship is reported. The article presents the results and observations of sociological studies. According to the results of the study, the impact of social factors such as deficiencies in the preparation of young people for family life, the origin of family conflicts, psychological differences between spouses, the impact of reproductive function disorders on Uzbek family life and economic difficulties in the family were covered. In Uzbekistan, the updated constitution and legislation analyzed reforms aimed at preventing domestic violence, inevitable punishment, strengthening responsibility and developed an effective mechanism of activity "youth-parents-social environment-neighborhood-educational institutions-NGOs-Institutional base-scientific-practical-research centers-state = ensuring family strength".
Social institution, exchange of generations, family and community relations, family conflict, negative vices, socio-psychological, empirical research, environment in the family.
Uzbekistan's Strategy for Transitioning to a Green Economy: Institutional Framework, Opportunities and Development Challenges
This article examines Uzbekistan’s strategy for transitioning to a green economy, focusing on its institutional foundations, development opportunities, and existing challenges. The study analyzes the policy and regulatory framework established to support sustainable economic growth, environmental protection, and efficient resource utilization. Particular attention is paid to the implementation of the national Green Economy Strategy for 2019–2030, renewable energy development, energy efficiency improvements, and environmental modernization initiatives. The research identifies significant opportunities related to solar and wind energy potential, green investments, technological innovation, and international cooperation. At the same time, several institutional, financial, technological, and infrastructural barriers that may hinder the successful implementation of green economic reforms are discussed. The findings suggest that strengthening governance mechanisms, enhancing financial support, and promoting green technologies are essential for achieving sustainable development goals. The article concludes with recommendations aimed at improving the effectiveness of Uzbekistan’s green transformation process.
Green economy, sustainable development, renewable energy, environmental policy, green investments, energy efficiency, climate change, institutional reforms, ecological sustainability, Uzbekistan.
Elements of National Thinking in The Philosophical Heritage of Tilab Mahmudov
This article examines the elements of national thinking in the philosophical heritage of Tilab Mahmudov. The thinker’s views on national values, moral and spiritual education, aesthetic consciousness, and youth development are analyzed from a scientific and theoretical perspective. Particular attention is paid to the issues of national identity, historical memory, and cultural heritage reflected in his works. The study substantiates that Tilab Mahmudov’s philosophical ideas serve as an important source for the development of national thinking in contemporary society.
Tilab Mahmudov, national thinking, philosophical heritage, spirituality, national values, aesthetic consciousness, youth education, cultural heritage, national identity, moral education.
Administrative and Legal Measures to Ensure Public Safety in Railway Transport
This article examines the administrative and legal measures for ensuring public safety in railway transport. It analyzes the current regulatory framework, the activities of competent authorities, and the mechanisms for their interaction. The study also provides recommendations for improving safety through the adoption of international best practices and the implementation of digital management approaches. The effectiveness of these measures ensures the safe, stable, and efficient operation of the railway transport system.
Railway transport, public safety, administrative and legal regulation, regulatory framework, state authorities, institutional cooperation, digital technologies, international experience.
Linguocultural Equivalence in the Translation of Metaphorical Terms Analysis in English and Uzbek
The translation of metaphorical terminology represents one of the most challenging issues in contemporary translation studies because metaphorical terms carry not only conceptual and terminological meanings but also linguocultural information embedded in the source language. As scientific and technological communication becomes increasingly globalized, the need for accurate and culturally appropriate translation of metaphorical terms has gained particular importance. This study examines the linguocultural equivalence of metaphorical terms in English and Uzbek, focusing on the translation strategies used to preserve conceptual, semantic, and cultural meanings. The research is based on a corpus of 180 metaphorical terms collected from technological dictionaries, digital platforms, specialized glossaries, and bilingual terminological resources. The analysis investigates anthropomorphic, naturomorphic, and artifact metaphors and evaluates the degree to which their metaphorical imagery is retained, adapted, or transformed in translation. The findings demonstrate that successful translation depends not only on semantic correspondence but also on the preservation of culturally relevant conceptual models. While many metaphorical terms maintain a high degree of equivalence due to universal cognitive mechanisms, others require linguocultural adaptation to ensure communicative effectiveness in the target language. The study contributes to terminology studies, translation theory, and linguoculturology by proposing an integrated framework for evaluating metaphorical term translation in multilingual contexts.
Metaphorical terminology, linguocultural equivalence, translation studies, computer terminology, anthropomorphic metaphor, naturomorphic metaphor, artifact metaphor, English language, Uzbek language, comparative linguistics.
Legal Regulation of Personal Data Protection for Minors in The Digital Environment: A Comparative Legal Analysis
The article examines the legal mechanisms for protecting minors’ personal data in the digital environment. A comparative legal analysis of key foreign regulatory models is conducted: GDPR (EU), Children’s Code (UK), COPPA (USA), LGPD (Brazil) and PIPL (China). Systemic gaps in the current legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan are identified, and specific proposals for the adoption of a special law on the protection of children's and adolescents' personal data are formulated.
Personal data, minors, digital environment, protection of children's data, GDPR, COPPA, Children’s Code, legislation of Uzbekistan, right to be forgotten, profiling.
The Phenomenon of Human Dignity in New Uzbekistan
This article analyzes the phenomenon of human dignity in New Uzbekistan within the framework of the social state concept. The new edition of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, which officially recognizes the country as a social state, is considered as a solid legal foundation for ensuring human rights and freedoms. The article reveals the priority of the principle “human – society – state” in public policy, the improvement of the social protection system, the development of civil society institutions, and the essence of reforms aimed at enhancing human dignity. In addition, the philosophical and theoretical foundations of the social state are examined based on the views of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The results of the study show that ensuring human interests is a key priority in the process of building a social state.
Human dignity, social state, New Uzbekistan, Constitution, civil society, social protection, rights and freedoms, state policy, social justice, development strategy, human interests.
Paradigms of Harmony Between National Traditions and Modernization in The Renewing Uzbek Society
This article analyzes the socio-philosophical paradigms of harmony between national traditions and modernization processes in the renewing society of Uzbekistan. Particular attention is paid to the preservation of national values and adaptation to the requirements of modern development in the context of globalization, digitalization, and social transformation. The author evaluates national traditions as an important factor ensuring the spiritual stability of society and interprets modernization not only as a technical and economic process but also as a process of cultural and spiritual renewal. The article also reveals the philosophical essence of the principle of "national form and modern content". Within the framework of the Development Strategy of New Uzbekistan, the dialectical connection between national identity, the preservation of spiritual heritage, and ensuring innovative development has been scientifically substantiated. The research results demonstrate the theoretical and practical significance of ensuring the harmony of tradition and modernization within the national development model.
New Uzbekistan, tradition, modernization, harmony, paradigms, globalization, stability, changes, national form, modern content, modern approaches.
The Interconnection and Distinctive Features of Goals and Mechanisms for Achieving the Human Rights of Specific Categories in Legal Norms
For the first time, Article 54 of our Constitution establishes that ensuring human rights and freedoms is the supreme goal of the state. In this direction, our country is actively harmonizing its national legal framework with universally recognized norms of international law. Ensuring human rights and serving humanity as a whole constitutes the core mission of the United Nations and its bodies.
Synergetic Interpretation of Natural-Philosophical Ideas in Medieval Muslim Philosophy: The Legacy of Al-Biruni
The article examines the emergence and conceptual grounding of natural-philosophical ideas in medieval Muslim philosophy, their connection with ancient scientific and philosophical traditions, and their manifestation in al-Biruni's thought as a new methodological synthesis. The central argument is that the Peripatetic, naturalist, kalam-atomist and other intellectual trends of the Muslim East should not be interpreted only as rival schools. They should also be understood as interacting components of a complex synergetic system that explains the relations between being, nature and human experience. Using the IMRAD format, the research applies historical-philosophical reconstruction, comparative conceptual analysis, hermeneutic interpretation and synergetic modelling. The findings show that al-Biruni's natural-philosophical worldview combines empirical observation, critical reasoning, logical argumentation and systemic interpretation. The article substantiates the need to move beyond one-sided materialist or purely theological readings of medieval Muslim philosophy and to study it as an open, complex and dynamic system of knowledge.
Al-Biruni, natural philosophy, Muslim philosophy, synergetics, being, atomism, Peripatetics, naturalists, substantial concept, relational concept.
Integrated Model of Protecting Children's Rights in The Context of Digital Transformation
This article examines the issues of protecting children’s rights and ensuring legal security in the context of digital transformation in Uzbekistan. The study analyzes the impact of digital technologies on children’s rights, including cyberbullying, harmful online content, violations of personal data privacy, and digital safety challenges. International experiences and national legislation are comparatively studied to identify existing legal and institutional problems in the field. The research substantiates the necessity of integrating legal guarantees with legal education mechanisms in order to effectively protect children in the digital environment. Based on the analysis, an integrated model combining state policy, educational institutions, family, law enforcement agencies, digital platforms, and civil society institutions is proposed. The article emphasizes that strengthening digital literacy and legal awareness among children, parents, and teachers is an essential component of ensuring children’s rights in the digital age. The findings of the study may contribute to improving national legislation and developing preventive mechanisms for children’s digital safety.
Digital transformation, child rights, digital law, cybersecurity, cyberbullying, digital literacy, legal education, online safety, legal guarantees, personal data protection.
Contexts of Ensuring Ecological Stability in The Process of Global Political Threats
This article provides ideas about the current global threats, their forms of formation, scale and impact on humanity. In the last twenty years, the struggles and conflicts for water, called “Blue Gold”, which is considered the greatest threat to humanity, are analyzed. Possible forecasts are given about the scale and estimated damage of this problem for developing countries.
Water, global threat, security and stability, “Blue Gold”, water shortage, water conflicts between countries.
Data Breaches and Cyberattacks as a Systemic Threat to Information Security in the Context of Digital Transformation
In the context of the rapid development of digital technologies, accompanied by a significant expansion in the scale of collection, storage, and processing of personal data, the issue of ensuring their confidentiality and security is becoming particularly relevant and is emerging as one of the key challenges of the modern information society. This article examines the essential characteristics of data breaches and cyberattacks, provides a comprehensive analysis of their causes and consequences, and also studies a cyber incident that occurred in the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2026. Special attention is paid to identifying systemic vulnerabilities and developing practice-oriented approaches to improving the level of information security of consumers of digital services.
Information security, data breach, cyberattacks, personal data, digital transformation, cyber threats, information protection, cyber incidents, data confidentiality, consumers of digital services, government information systems
Civil-Law Regulation of the Circulation of Precious Metals and Gemstones, Issues of Their Processing, and Prospects for the Development of the Industry in Uzbekistan
This article examines the civil-law regulation of relations connected with the circulation of precious metals and precious stones, contractual mechanisms governing their extraction, processing, supply, and sale, as well as the prospects for further development of this sector in Uzbekistan. The study analyzes international legal doctrines, including the Regalian Right (Jus Regale), the Doctrine of State Ownership, Responsible Sourcing, State Pre-Emptive Rights, and the Traceability Doctrine, which play a significant role in regulating ownership, control, and lawful circulation of natural resources. Special attention is given to international initiatives and standards such as the Kimberley Process, LBMA standards, the Dodd-Frank Act, and OECD recommendations. The article also explores the role of digital technologies, particularly blockchain systems and smart contracts, in ensuring transparency, traceability, and legal security in transactions involving precious stones and metals. The national legislation of Uzbekistan is examined in the context of ongoing reforms aimed at liberalizing the sector, strengthening state control, introducing international standards, and enhancing integration into global mineral supply chains. The author concludes that improving contractual regulation, refining activities, digital monitoring systems, and harmonization with international legal standards are essential for ensuring sustainable development, investment attractiveness, and effective protection of participants’ rights in the precious metals and stones market
Precious metals, precious stones, civil-law regulation, contractual relations, traceability doctrine, state ownership doctrine, blockchain technology, refining activity, digital monitoring, Kimberley Process, LBMA standards, international legal standards, Uzbekistan legislation, mineral resources, responsible sourcing.
Negotiation Preparation: Formulating The Negotiation Concept
In contemporary international relations, the success of political negotiations depends directly on the quality of the concept developed during the pre-negotiation phase. This article aims to explore the theoretical methodology and practical mechanisms for formulating a negotiation concept within the framework of international conflict resolution. The study employs qualitative analysis, a systems approach, and comparative political analysis. The article scientifically substantiates a three-stage model for creating an interstate negotiation concept: diagnosing the latent interests of the parties, information-psychological mapping, and institutionalizing BATNA, ZOPA, and "red lines." The practical viability of the proposed theoretical model is demonstrated through an in-depth case study of the 2024 multilateral mediation negotiations on the Gaza Strip (Paris and Doha formats). The research findings indicate that in polarized and asymmetric conflicts, the preparatory concept must possess a highly flexible architecture that accounts for the domestic political constraints of the negotiating states (based on the Two-Level Games theory). This study serves as a crucial scientific and practical guide for international relations specialists, foreign policy analysts, and practicing diplomats in designing strategic negotiations.
International political negotiations, pre-negotiation, negotiation concept, diplomacy, psychological mapping, BATNA, ZOPA, two-level games, conflict resolution.
A Smart Education and Job Market System for School Students
The mismatch between school education and labor market demands is a persistent challenge across developing and transitional economies. This paper presents the design, rationale, and international evidence base for a Smart Education and Job Market System – an AI-driven platform that integrates psychometric career assessment, personalized learning roadmaps, real-time labor market analytics, gamification, and multi-role dashboards for school students in Uzbekistan. Drawing on international best practices from Finland, South Korea, Singapore, and leading EdTech initiatives, the study demonstrates how artificial intelligence, explainable machine learning, and behavioral engagement mechanisms can collectively address the structural gap between adolescent career awareness and workforce requirements. The proposed system is positioned as a scalable, multilingual, and offline-capable solution for Central Asian educational contexts.
Career guidance, artificial intelligence, labor market, psychometrics, EdTech, Uzbekistan, explainable AI, gamification.
Sayfikhujaev Botirkhuja Farkhodkhuja o‘g‘li
Subject Matter of a Crime as a Sign of the Composition of the Crime
The article examines the category of “subject matter of crime” as one of the key elements of the composition of crime in criminal law. The relevance of the topic is due to the development of information technology, the emergence of digital assets and new forms of ownership, which requires the adaptation of criminal law norms. Based on the analysis of doctrinal approaches, the concept and features of the object of the crime, its relationship and differentiation with the object of encroachment, as well as the difference from the instruments and means of committing a crime are considered. Special attention is paid to the classifications of objects: by physical nature (material and intellectual values), by legal regime (withdrawn from circulation or limited in it) and by cost characteristics as a qualifying feature. The significance of the subject of the crime for the qualification of the act, the delimitation of related structures and the determination of the direction of the encroachment on the example of the norms of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan is revealed.
The subject matter of the crime, the classification of the subject matter of the crime, the composition of the crime.
The System and Powers of State Governance Bodies in The Field of Ecology
This scientific article provides a comprehensive analysis of the system of public administration bodies in the field of ecology and their competencies. The study examines the institutional structure of environmental governance, the distribution of powers, and the effectiveness of inter-agency cooperation. Particular attention is given to the role of digital technologies, public participation, and economic instruments in implementing environmental policy. Based on international experience, recommendations for improving environmental governance are proposed. The findings highlight the need to modernize public administration to ensure environmental safety and achieve sustainable development.
Ecology, public administration, competencies, environmental control, sustainable development, environmental policy, digitalization, public participation, green economy, environmental safety.
Legal Regulation of the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Criminal Proceedings of the Republic of Uzbekistan: Current State and Directions of Development
This article examines the current state of legal regulation of artificial intelligence (AI) in criminal proceedings of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The study analyzes existing normative legal acts governing the use of digital technologies in the investigative, prosecutorial, and judicial stages of criminal proceedings. Special attention is paid to the legal status of AI-generated evidence, the admissibility of algorithmic decision-making in criminal justice, and the compliance of digital tools with procedural guarantees of participants in criminal proceedings. A comparative legal analysis is conducted with the legislation of the Russian Federation, the European Union, and a number of other states. Based on the research, proposals are formulated for improving the legislation of Uzbekistan in the field of AI use in criminal proceedings, taking into account international standards for the protection of human rights.
Artificial intelligence, criminal proceedings, digital evidence, algorithmic justice, legal regulation, Uzbekistan, criminal procedure law, digital transformation, human rights, admissibility of evidence.
Problem Loans of Commercial Banks and Methods for Their Resolution in Modern Conditions
The article provides a definition of problem loans, reveals their role in macroeconomic regulation and in the development of the economy as a whole; examines the regulatory mechanism and methods for their resolution in modern conditions.
Non- performing loan, loan repayment, loan portfolio, financial consulting, legal measures.
Occurrence of Surgical Diseases and Hoof Diseases in Horses in Bukhara City and Surrounding Districts
This article presents the results of a monitoring study on the prevalence of hoof and tendon system pathologies in horses in the Bukhara region (Bukhara, Romitan, and Kogon districts) during 2025–2026. The incidence rate was found to range between 14.95% and 26.08%. Structural analysis revealed that aseptic serous tendovaginitis (37.04%) and laminitis (29.62%) were the most prevalent conditions. Additionally, tendon injuries and closed mechanical traumas accounted for 22.22% of cases. The findings indicate that excessive mechanical load, improper management, and unbalanced nutrition play a significant role in the development of distal limb pathologies. The study substantiates the importance of early diagnosis and the improvement of preventive measures in veterinary practice.
Horses, distal limb pathologies, hoof diseases, tendon diseases, laminitis, tendinitis, tendovaginitis, aseptic inflammation, tendon injuries, veterinary surgery, orthopedic diseases, clinical diagnostics, horse health monitoring, equine locomotor system, sport horses, kupkari horses, preventive measures, veterinary orthopedics, musculoskeletal disorders, Bukhara region.
Legal Regulation and Enforcement of International Commercial Contracts in the Context of Digital Technologies
The article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of the legal regulation and enforcement of international commercial contracts in the context of the digitalization of the economy. It analyzes modern approaches to electronic and smart contracts, as well as issues related to their legal recognition, enforcement, and protection of the rights of the parties involved. Particular attention is paid to international standards and national legislation governing the use of digital technologies in commercial activities.
International commercial contracts, digital technologies, electronic commerce, smart contracts, blockchain, legal regulation, digital economy, enforcement of obligations.
Dynamics of Development of Cultural Processes
Cultural development is a dynamic and multifaceted process influenced by globalization, technological progress, social transformation, and intercultural interaction. In the contemporary world, cultural processes are evolving rapidly under the impact of digital communication, migration, economic integration, and the expansion of global media. This article examines the major contemporary trends in cultural development, including digitalization, globalization, cultural hybridization, preservation of national identity, and the growing role of cultural industries. The study highlights the relationship between culture and social progress while emphasizing the importance of balancing innovation with the preservation of traditional values. The article also discusses challenges related to cultural homogenization and the necessity of intercultural dialogue in modern society.
Culture, cultural development, globalization, digitalization, cultural identity, intercultural communication, cultural transformation.