International Journal of Scientific Trends
International Journal of Scientific Trends- (IJST) is an open-access, peer-reviewed international journal. This scientific journal covers the multidisciplinary areas of study. The journal is published monthly (12 Issues per Year). The journal follows a double-blind peer review to ensure the quality of the published articles. The journal covers scientific trends and applied/ natural sciences studies. IJST is an interdisciplinary scientific journal. It aims to contribute to applied research and knowledge globally through published papers. The authors are requested to send original, high-quality research articles in following areas: Medicine Pharmaceutical Sciences Dentistry Physical Therapy Veterinary Medicine Basic and biological sciences include biology, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry, physics, biophysics, geology, astronomy, and environmental science. Mathematics, Engineering, and Computer Sciences Physical Education and Sports Science Agricultural Science The journal covers original research articles, reviews, mini-reviews, Case studies, reports, letters, and commentaries. It provides free open access to the published articles, permitting users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, and search the full text. The copyrights of the published work are given to the authors. Publication Frequency: Monthly (12 Issues per Year) Accepted Language: English ISSN (Online): 2980-4299 ISSN (Print): 2980-4329 SJIF : 6.531 ResearchBib: 8.65
Information Security and Culture in a Digital Society
This article analyzes the issues of information security and culture in a digital society. The positive and negative aspects arising in human life as a result of the rapid development of modern information technologies are considered. It also covers issues such as the protection of personal data, their methods and ways, the culture of communication in the digital space, and Internet ethics. At the end of the article, suggestions and recommendations are given on ensuring information security and developing digital culture as a result of the research.
Information, culture, information security, digital society, digital culture, cybersecurity, personal data, Internet ethics, cyberbullying, information protection, digital literacy.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Social Networks in The Origin of Public Protests
This article describes the importance and role of social networks in the origin of public protest, its management and wide coverage, and the cases that took place in this direction in the countries of the world.
Public, crisis, uprising, protest, crowd, internet, social network, public sentiment, political-social situation, politics.
Procedural Forms of Collecting Digital Evidence: Inspection, Copying and Sampling for Expert Examination
This article examines the core procedural forms of collecting digital (electronic) evidence in criminal proceedings: inspection of devices and electronic data, creation of a forensic bit‑by‑bit image-расм, and sampling/collection of parameters for expert examination (control samples, metadata and hash values). In Uzbekistan, the adoption of Law No. ЎРҚ‑1003 and the Plenum of the Supreme Court Resolution of 23 June 2025 No. 14 have strengthened admissibility requirements for electronic data, including the need to document inspection, to issue a procedural decision on joining electronic materials to the case, and—where necessary—to appoint expert examination. The paper clarifies the meaning of integrity, authentication and chain of custody and shows how these criteria are operationalized through protocols, decisions and expert procedures. A comparative perspective draws on U.S. case law (Riley, Carpenter, Vayner, Griffin) and widely used digital‑forensics models. Using examples from Supreme Court of Uzbekistan practice reviews, the article demonstrates that procedural defects in documenting and verifying evidence may lead to annulment of judicial decisions. The conclusion proposes de lege ferenda measures: investigator checklists, standardized chain‑of‑custody logs, and stronger participation of digital‑forensics specialists.
Digital evidence, electronic data, inspection, forensic copy, hash value, authentication, forensic examination.
Methods for Increasing the Communicative Activity of Future Teachers in An Online Educational Environment
This article examines the theoretical foundations, methodological approaches, and practical methods for increasing the communicative activity of future teachers in an online educational environment. The expansion of digital education requires the educator not only to convey the content of the subject but also to manage communication in a virtual environment, engage students in collaboration, harmonize written and oral speech, and develop reflexive thinking.
Online education, future teacher, communicative activity, communicative competence, digital pedagogy, forum, video conference, interactive method, reflection.
Criminal Law Measures Against Concealed Illicit Financial Interests in the Context of Cryptocurrency Transactions
This article examines the criminal law aspects of combating concealed illicit financial interests in the context of cryptocurrency transactions. The study analyzes the legal nature of cryptocurrencies, their role in facilitating hidden financial crimes, and the challenges faced by law enforcement agencies in detecting such activities. Particular attention is given to gaps in international and national legal frameworks, as well as mechanisms for preventing money laundering and illegal asset transfers through blockchain-based systems. The paper proposes recommendations aimed at strengthening legal regulation and improving international cooperation in combating financial crimes involving cryptocurrencies.
Cryptocurrency, illicit financial interests, criminal law, money laundering, blockchain, financial crime, legal regulation, virtual assets, international cooperation.
The Role of Cartoons in The Socialization and Personal Development of Preschool Children
This article analyzes the positive and negative pedagogical effects of cartoons on the socialization and personal development of preschool children. The article reveals the pedagogical and psychological significance of cartoons based on the theories of famous pedagogical researchers - Poonam Malik, Muhammad Ahmad Sheikh, Mavluda Kubayeva, Albert Bandura and Dimitri A. Christakis. The article also presents the study of the problem, the positive and negative effects of cartoons, as well as solutions and recommendations.
Cartoons, preschool age, socialization, personal development, pedagogical impact, moral values, empathy, cognitive development.
Democratic Governance and the Philosophical Foundations of the Principles of Social Justice
This article analyzes the philosophical foundations of democratic governance and the principles of social justice. It examines the theoretical basis of the rule of law, civil equality, and the concept of social justice in a democratic society, revealing their significance in modern governance systems. The study is based on a philosophical and methodological approach, analyzing the interrelationship between social justice and democratic governance.
Democratic governance, social justice, rule of law, philosophical foundations, civil society.
Regulatory Impact Assessment as A Means of Combating Corruption in The Preparation of Regulatory Legal Acts
This article examines the assessment of regulatory impact as a tool for preventing corruption in the preparation of regulatory legal acts in the Republic of Uzbekistan. It is substantiated that corruption is caused not only by the illegal behavior of officials, but also by defects in regulatory regulation, including the uncertainty of legal formulations, excessive discretionary powers and non-transparency of administrative procedures. based on the concept of assessing the corruption impact of regulation, and the importance of the participation of civil society institutions in this process is emphasized. It is concluded that it is necessary to include mechanisms for preventing corruption risks in the RIA procedures.
Regulatory impact assessment (RIA), corruption, anti-corruption expertise, regulatory legal acts, rule-making, corruption-causing factors, quality of regulation.
Admissibility of Anonymous Witness Testimony in Evidence: Foreign Experience
This article examines the admissibility of anonymous witness testimony in criminal proceedings on the basis of foreign legal experience and international judicial practice. It explores the reasons for introducing the institution of anonymous witnesses, its role in ensuring witness security, and its impact on the accused’s right to defence and the principle of a fair trial. Drawing on the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, international criminal tribunals, and the laws of selected foreign jurisdictions, the study comparatively analyses the criteria for admitting anonymous witness testimony, the limits of its evidentiary value, and the procedural safeguards that must accompany its use. The article argues that it is inappropriate both to categorically prohibit anonymous witness testimony and to normalize it as an ordinary form of evidence. The findings demonstrate that such testimony may be considered admissible only in exceptional circumstances, where a real threat exists, where the requirements of necessity and proportionality are satisfied, and where adequate procedural mechanisms compensate for the limitations imposed on the defence.
Anonymous witness, witness testimony, admissibility of evidence, criminal proceedings, fair trial, defence rights, witness protection, comparative legal analysis, foreign experience, procedural safeguards.
Numerical Analysis of Heat Transfer and Flow Characteristics in A Semi Cylindrical Solar Air Heater
In this article, a numerical investigation will be conducted on the properties of heat transfer and flow in a semi-cylindrical solar air heater through COMSOL Multiphysics. A three-dimensional model was created to investigate the relationship between heat performance, air flow and solar energy absorption. The convective heat transfer coefficient, useful energy gain, and air temperature were some of the key performance parameters that were developed and executed using user-defined variables in COMSOL. In order to simulate realistic operating conditions, the simulation was performed at the inlet velocity of 0.01 m/s, with the variation of solar radiation within the time periods of 08:00 to 17:00. It was also in the model that the natural convection heat loss on the outer surface of the collector was taken into account. The findings indicate that the semi-cylindrical design is more effective in heat transfer and increase in air temperature hence, increased energy usage efficiency than the conventional design. The established model is an effective computational aid in making predictions on performance and the design optimization of solar air heaters.
Semi-cylindrical solar air heater, Heat transfer characteristics, Fluid flow analysis, Convective heat transfer coefficient, Thermal efficiency optimization, Numerical modelling of solar collectors, Useful heat gain, Renewable energy applications.
Youth in the Digital Environment: Threats of Delinquency and Their Prevention
This article examines the work in the field of crime prevention among the youth of Uzbekistan. Analyzing the legislation and studying statistical data on the growth of crime in the youth environment, the author formulates recommendations and proposals for the prevention of antisocial behavior among young people. The rapid development of digital technologies has significantly transformed the lives of young people. Social media platforms, online gaming, instant messaging, and digital communities have become central to communication, education, and entertainment. While the digital space offers enormous opportunities for learning and self-expression, it also presents serious risks, including various forms of delinquency and cybercrime. Understanding these threats and developing effective prevention strategies is essential for protecting youth in the modern digital environment. In Uzbekistan, society is at a modern stage of development, and a person, his dignity, rights and freedoms are recognized as the highest values. The priority of human rights necessitates the establishment of benevolent relations between citizens while observing the rules of life in society, caring behavior in the upbringing of the younger generation, and the creation of conditions ensuring public health. This, in turn, requires citizens to comply with the rules of conduct and safety in society and with rules aimed at protecting public health.
Cybercrime, prevention, minors, social networks, human rights, education.
Fighting Corruption – The Foundation of Societal Development
This article scientifically examines the causes of corruption in the Republic of Uzbekistan, its socio-economic consequences, and effective mechanisms for combating it. Using comparative legal analysis, statistical data, reports from international organizations (Transparency International, UN, OECD), and Uzbekistan’s national legislation, conclusions are drawn. The anti-corruption experiences of Singapore, Hong Kong, and Denmark are analyzed in the context of Uzbekistan. The study demonstrates that digitalization of public services, strengthening civil society, and ensuring independent oversight bodies are key factors in reducing corruption.
Corruption, bribery, public administration, digitalization, civil society, international experience, legal reform, transparency.
Hermeneutical Approach to The Promotion of Spiritual and Educational Work
This article analyzes the application of the theory of philosophical interpretation in processes in the spiritual and educational sphere and its important directions. The topic is relevant because it focuses on measures for the effectiveness of educational propaganda. As a result, the role of hermeneutic philosophy in spiritual and educational processes is assessed.
Spiritual heritage, enlightenment, hermeneutics, society, cultural assimilation, globalization, integration, ideology.
Modeling The Energy Yield of Bifacial Photovoltaic Systems Considering Ground Albedo
The article aims to present an analysis of the influence that geometric and optical parameters exert on the energy efficiency of bifacial PV modules. The installation height, tilt angle, and surface albedo have been studied with experimental data and with a proposed mathematical model. The results confirm that increasing the installation height to a range between 0.7 m and 1.0 m and choosing an optimal tilt angle between 30° and 35° reduces power losses due to uneven illumination by over 25% and improves energy production. The spectral characteristics of the surface albedo have a profound effect on the value of the bifacial enhancement. The satisfied results of the calculated and experimental tests (R²>0.9) confirm the applicability and viability of the proposed model.
Bifacial solar panels; surface albedo; installation height; tilt angle; mismatch losses; energy generation modeling; spectral reflectance.
Methodological Foundations of The Field of Islamic Philosophy
The article examines the study of works created by thinkers of the Islamic world by Eastern and Western scholars. Muslim philosophy is multifaceted, and the approaches of Western and Eastern researchers are also different. It is no secret that the rational view is studied more by Western scholars, and in general, philosophical analysis is characteristic of the West. In the Muslim world, there are also many researchers who conduct research based on Western methodology, which indicates the existence of a somewhat one-sided approach. One of the complex issues here is the rational analysis of theological views. In this regard, the phenomena of Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, Ibn Rushd, and Imam Ghazali are unparalleled. The main issues in Muslim philosophy are reflected in the works of these scholars. Although Western research on Muslim philosophy has been significant to date, the work of Iranian, Turkish, Egyptian, and Indian scholars is also commendable. New approaches to the study of Eastern Muslim philosophy will make a worthy contribution to the improvement of the disciplines of religious studies, Islamic studies, and philosophy of religion in our homeland.
A Three-Layer Conceptual Content Model for Life Safety Education in Engineering Programs
This paper presents a three-layer conceptual content model for life safety education in technical and engineering programs. The model addresses the critical gap between theoretical safety knowledge and professional competency development by integrating: (1) an invariant theoretical core providing universal safety principles, (2) profession-specific contextual modules adapting content to engineering disciplines, and (3) an integrative practical product chain requiring students to create authentic workplace artifacts. The framework transforms content delivery from knowledge transmission to competency demonstration through a structured hazard-risk-control-evidence chain. This model operationalizes the risk-based thinking approach in engineering education and ensures constructive alignment between content, pedagogy, and assessment through artifact-based evaluation.
Life safety education, engineering competencies, contextual learning, artifact-based assessment, risk-based thinking.
Changes in Family Trust and Psychological Intimacy Influenced by Social Media
This article analyzes in detail the influence of social networks on modern family life, in particular, the patterns of change in family trust and psychological closeness. It is highlighted that the expansion of forms of communication in the digital environment, on the one hand, allows strengthening ties between family members, and on the other hand, creates problems related to trust, personal boundaries, and emotional security.
Social networks, family, family trust, psychological closeness, digital communication, personal boundaries, online behavior, family relationships, digital culture.
Business and Human Rights: Implementing the UN Guiding Principles
The relationship between business activities and human rights has become a central concern in global governance. The adoption of the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) in 2011 marked a transformative moment by establishing a universally recognized framework built on the pillars of “Protect, Respect, and Remedy.” This article critically examines the implementation of the UNGPs, focusing on state obligations, corporate responsibilities, and access to remedies. It evaluates progress made over the past decade, identifies persistent challenges, and proposes recommendations to strengthen accountability and effectiveness in practice.
human rights impacts, including labor exploitation, environmental degradation, displacement of communities
Forensic Expertise Digitalization and The Use of Modern Technologies
The article presents a scientific analysis of reforms aimed at modernizing forensic expert activity in the Republic of Uzbekistan, their legal foundations, the processes of digitalization of forensic expert activity, as well as the main problems encountered in practice. The author scientifically substantiates that the harmonious development of the forensic expert system in line with global trends and the digitalization of activities are important factors in increasing the effectiveness of justice.
digitalization, artificial intelligence, digital evidence, electronic databases, the “E-Expertise” electronic platform, digital forensics, electronic expertise, institutional reforms.
System of Diplomatic Service Bodies: National and Foreign Experience
This scientific article examines some features of the system of diplomatic service bodies functioning in different countries, considers the features of the system of diplomatic service bodies in Uzbekistan, which at the moment actively expresses the practical directions of the country's foreign policy. The relevance of the study of the relevant topic lies in the insufficient scientific saturation and specific certainty regarding the components of the system of bodies diplomatic service, while in practice and in the legislation of many countries this system has been functioning for more than a decade. Comparative analysis is carried out in order to identify the features, advantages and disadvantages of this system, to identify promising issues for its improvement, primarily in Uzbekistan. The methodology of the research consists in the use of content analysis, comparison, comparison, induction, deduction, modeling and forecasting. The results of the study are the conclusions aimed at improving theoretical ideas about the system of diplomatic service bodies in Uzbekistan, and the need to continue law-making transformations in this direction.
Diplomacy, diplomatic staff, diplomatic service, diplomat, department, consulates, embassies.
Formation and Development of International Legal Approaches to Regulating the Circulation of Tobacco Products
Despite being subject to some of the most stringent international regulations of any consumer product, tobacco nonetheless circulates with relative freedom across borders, raising some very basic questions about the efficacy and coherence of international legal regulation. Despite being widely regarded as the leading cause of preventable death, international law still falters where the need to protect public health has to be weighed against trade liberalization and intellectual property norms
international law, namely international treaties, agreements, and authoritative sources of interpretation of the said international rules
This article provides a scientific and philosophical analysis of the essence of technology and its social significance. It examines the scientific interaction of technology with such social spheres as labor, activity, science, and culture. From a scientific and philosophical standpoint, the role and significance of theoretical knowledge in production processes are explored, along with the concept of the human factor.
Technology, philosophy of technology, technological development, modern technology, labor, the being of technology, the culture of technology.
The Role of The Verbal Communicative Method in The Teaching Process
The article examines the importance of the verbal-communicative method in the educational process, its role in developing students’ knowledge and skills, and its impact on the formation of speech culture, critical thinking, and communicative competencies. It is shown that using this method enhances the effectiveness of teaching and encourages students’ active participation in learning.
Verbal method, communicative approach, pedagogical communication, educational process, speech culture, teaching methods.
Syntactical Features of Expressing A Conditional in English and Uzbek
This article analyzes the syntactic features of expressing conditional constructions in English and Uzbek from a comparative-typological perspective. It examines the means of expressing conditional meaning in both languages, their grammatical structure, their position within complex sentences with subordinate clauses, and their morphological markers on a scientific basis. The analysis reveals that analytic devices predominate in English, whereas synthetic forms are mainly dominant in Uzbek.
Conditional mood, conditional sentence, subordinate clause, syntax, comparative linguistics, analytic form, synthetic form.
National Spirituality and Modern Modernization Processes in the Context of Globalization
This article analyzes the role of national spirituality in the context of globalization, its relationship with modern modernization processes, and its significance in social development from a socio-philosophical perspective. It also examines the impact of globalization on national values and spiritual life, as well as the issues of preserving and developing national spirituality during the process of modernization.
Globalization, national spirituality, modernization, values, culture, social development, national identity, spiritual heritage
The Genesis of the Development of Invention Rights: The Experience of Uzbekistan
This article analyzes the genesis and development of rights related to inventions in the Republic of Uzbekistan. It examines the historical evolution of patent law during the former Soviet period, the formation of national legislation after independence, and the reforms implemented in the field of intellectual property. Particular attention is given to the mechanisms of legal protection of inventions, the role of laws and subordinate legal acts, and the legal framework governing the activities of the Intellectual Property Agency. The article also emphasizes the importance of taking into account international experience and legal standards in improving national legislation.
Invention, patent law, intellectual property, industrial property, patent system, innovation, legal protection.
Parallel Operation of Solar Photovoltaic and Diesel Generator Systems: Mathematical Modeling, Control Algorithms and Experimental Analysis
This paper presents the mathematical model, control algorithm, and experimental validation of the parallel operation of a solar photovoltaic (PV) system and a diesel generator (DG) in a hybrid power system. A novel hierarchical control architecture combining droop control with the Perturb-and-Observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is proposed to optimize the coupling of both sources and ensure continuous power quality. A dynamic load-sharing model accounting for the stochastic variability of solar irradiance is developed. Simulation results for a 100 kVA system implemented in MATLAB R2023b/Simulink demonstrate that the proposed control method reduces DG fuel consumption by 31.4%, keeps voltage deviation within ±1.2%, and limits frequency deviation to ±0.3 Hz. Field validation using one year of data from a 50-kW pilot hybrid station in Tashkent region, Uzbekistan, yielded R² = 0.9873, RMSE = 1.24 kW, and MAPE = 2.14%. The annual CO₂ reduction potential was quantified at 18.7 tons, and the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) was 0.083 USD·kWh⁻¹, representing a 31.4% saving over the diesel-only baseline.
Hybrid energy system; solar photovoltaic; diesel generator; parallel operation; droop control; MPPT; load sharing; LCOE; energy efficiency.
Dialogic Learning as a Tool for Developing Professionally Oriented Foreign Language Communication in Medical Education
The article examines the role of dialogic learning in the development of professionally oriented foreign language communication among medical students. Particular attention is paid to the formation of dialogic and monologic speaking skills within the framework of medical education. The study highlights the importance of dialogue as an interactive pedagogical technology that promotes communicative competence, reduces language barriers, and increases students’ motivation. The impact of digitalization and telemedicine on the sustainability of speaking skills is also discussed. The author emphasizes that participation in international scientific events and virtual professional platforms enhances the long-term “survivability” of foreign language communication skills in future physicians.
Dialogic learning, medical education, professionally oriented communication, communicative competence, foreign language teaching, digitalization, telemedicine, speaking skills.
Abu Nasr Farabi’s Pedagogical Views on Education and Upbringing
This article analyzes the pedagogical views of the great Eastern thinker Abu Nasr Farabi on the process of education and upbringing from philosophical and pedagogical perspectives. The study highlights the thinker’s ideas about human perfection, the role of knowledge in the development of society, moral education, and the teacher–student relationship. Furthermore, Farabi’s didactic principles aimed at forming a well-rounded and morally mature individual are examined, as well as their significance for the modern education system.
Abu Nasr Farabi, education, upbringing, pedagogy, perfect human being, moral education, science, teacher–student relationship.